Should Parenthood Be Legal - 1133 Words

Nicholas Sparks once stated that parenthood will always be â€Å"one of the hardest things you ll ever do but in exchange it teaches you the meaning of unconditional love†. Many people hope that one day they can become loving, supportive and understanding parents. They want to meet these expectations so they can provide a happy, successful and enjoyable life for their children. However, pregnancy does not necessarily come easy to everyone. Due to certain health issues, some women are incapable of conceiving and/or carrying a child. Couples have a few options if pregnancy continues to be a struggle. Surrogacy, a controversial but yet popular alternative, allows people to have their dreams come true at a costly rate. Although many alternatives†¦show more content†¦Their doctor, Dr. Schoolcraft, recommended a specific agency and that assisted them in finding their gestational surrogate, Delphine. Delphine carried their child for nine months and delivered a healthy baby n amed Edward Duke Rancic. Giuliana and Bill are forever grateful for the special gift Delphine helped give them. Bill stated, â€Å"our journey has a happy ending. We didn’t give up, we didn’t quit and we’re going to have a good ending to this† (Michaud 1). Although surrogacy can be a complicated process, many choose this as an option just like Giuliana and Bill Rancic. Two different types of surrogacy exist in the world today. This includes gestational and traditional surrogacy. Gestational surrogacy, the process in which the surrogate delivers a baby that is genetically related to the mother and father, continues to be quite popular in the world today. The surrogate has no genetic relation to the child. However, traditional surrogacy on the other hand consists when â€Å"the surrogate either undergoes artificial insemination or IVF with sperm from the male or from a sperm donor† (Smotrich 1). The surrogate provides her own eggs and because of that, she is genetically related to the child. Both of these surrogate options can be obtained from a surrogacy agent or someone you know. For example, a relative or close friend could be a possible candidate if everyone agrees. Finding the perfect surrogate can be rather

The Pollution of East Kazakhstan - 796 Words

East Kazakhstan.The reason this pollution is air pollution,smoke which go out from factory. The main role in pollution of the city belongs to anthropogenic sources . Nevertheles , social- economic, psychological and other factors in the complex have a significant adverse impact the public health.Man-made sources of pollution , including historical, chemical and physical factors of influence. Meanwhile, people use this water for watering gardens. Also all the heavy metals enter the body , environmentalists say . However even more dangerous mines that drains eventually appear in the Irtysh.International waterway Irtysh in the east of Kazakhstan nourish 7 tributaries. In addition, five of them admitted dirty. Shown that water all the time shoal , shoal , the messier it becomes . People do not protect this river , running all sorts of waste. While Irtysh still struggling with pollution . However experts say its reserves already on the wane . Then if the situation does not change , it thr eatens ecological disaster of international proportions. In Ust-Kamenogorsk cleaning problem of groundwater pollution is becoming increasingly important . In Ust-Kamenogorsk for a long time went groundwater contamination and any groundwater always has connection to the surface . Most importantly, what the project intends - to prevent contamination of the Irtysh River , which is known to cross-border . If pollution will go Irtysh , the spot will go to Kazakhstan , to Russia and further into theShow MoreRelatedKazakhstan And The Soviet Republic1068 Words   |  5 PagesKazakhstan Kazakhstan was first occupied by a variety of Turkic and Mongolian nomads during the 13th century. These people almost never united until the 18th century when the area was conquered by Russia. The nation later went on to become a part of the Soviet Republic in 1936. Kazakhstan although a part of the Soviet Republic, was never densely populated until the â€Å"Virgin Lands† program which encouraged Russians to move to Kazakhstan. This led the foreigners to outnumber the natives which alteredRead MoreChallenges And Barrier And Soluations For Chinese Companies At China Pakistan Economic Corridor ( Cpec )1655 Words   |  7 Pagesconnecting the West and East by merchants, pilgrims, monks, soldiers, nomads, and urban dwellers from China and India to the Mediterranean Sea during various periods of time. Trade on the Silk Road was a significant factor in the development of the civilizations of China, the Indian subcontinent, Persia, Europe, the Horn of Africa and Arabia, opening l ong-distance, political and economic relations between the civilizations. The Eurasian Land Bridge (a railroad through China, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Russia)Read MoreNuclear Weaponry1076 Words   |  5 PagesNagasaki, an industrialized city with a natural harbor, killed an estimated 42,000 people and injured 40,000 people (â€Å"The Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki†). Rosalie Bertel, a researcher, has estimated that the global victims of the radiation pollution related to nuclear weapon production, testing, use and waste conservatively number 13 million (â€Å"The Effects of Nuclear Weapons†). Not only does nuclear warfare directly affect humans but it also has a significant impact on the environment . TheRead MoreEssay On Russia1293 Words   |  6 Pagesgeographic coordinates are 60 00 N, 100 00 E and is also the largest country in the world. Russia is approximately 1.8 times the size of the united states. Russia currently boarders 14 countries Azerbaijan, China, Belarus, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Mongolia, Poland, Ukraine, Norway, Lithuania, and North Korea. Russia has a massive 37,653 km of coastline ranging from the northern artic to the northern pacific. People mainly reside in the Western European side of the country near UkraineRead MoreEssay on Oil Export for a Unified Caspian Oil Conglomerate2961 Words   |  12 Pagesfocal point of almost all international disputes in the present century as every country needs oil to power its electrical grids, run its automobiles, and operate its machinery. The vast majority of accessible oil lies in th e extremely unstable Middle East, whose countries form most of OPEC and have a viable monopoly on oil production and pricing. The troubles caused by this situation thus come to no surprise as high demand and monopolistic supply give omnipotent control to the supplier. The CaspianRead MoreChevron Case Study1617 Words   |  7 Pagesof California (SoCal) after acquiring Pacific Oil Company in 1926. 10 years later, the SoCal joined forces with The Texas Company (a predecessor to Texaco) and formed Caltex Group of Companies, in order to manage interests of both entities in Middle East and Indonesia with an outlet through Texas Companys establish European market. With strategic mergers with companies such as Signal Oil and Standard Oil Kentucky, they were able to obtain 2,000 retail stations and gained outlets and market share inRead MoreAral Sea1875 Words   |  8 Pagesand then describe its future in terms of how it is going to be utilized and what the consequences are, and then finally state what can be done about this â€Å"crisis†. @. The Aral Sea is located in the Central Asian Republics of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. Due to its location in the center of a vast mainland far from oceans, the Aral Sea maintains a continental climate. Temperatures in the region go up as high as 40 degrees Celsius in the summer and in winters the temperature falls down to -20 degreesRead MoreThe Main Problems of Economic Development of Kazakhstans Regions11951 Words   |  48 PagesThe economic framework of local governance The economic foundations of the local government of the Republic of Kazakhstan are: - Municipal property; - Local finance; - Property in state ownership and transferred to the management of local governments. The material and financial resources, which are the economic foundation of local government, determine in fact the efficiency of local government. The economic foundation for local governance is a set of legal norms that regulate social relationsRead MoreEconomic Impacts in Water and Energy Issues Caused by Climate Change in Russia 2690 Words   |  11 Pagesanother story. By estimation, until 2015, in northern regions the duration of spring floods may twofold (from 12 to 24 days). Similar situations may occur in central and northern regions of north– western regions of Russia’s Asian, European Russia, East Siberia (O.A.2008). Also, water resources shortage problem and unevenness in supplying and demanding are especially crucial for the economy of Central Asian countries. Besides, timber production annual capacity is decreasing for these reasons: moreRead MoreThe Oil And Gas Revolution1821 Words   |  8 Pagesproducer worldwide, having overtaken Russia as the number one natural gas producer in 2012 (Birol, 2013). This would exert a negative pressure on global oil prices, causing economies such as Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, Nigeria, Angola, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Russia, Vietnam, Iran, Iraq Saudi Arabia to come under considerable pressure, since they are dependent on hydrocarbon revenue. World energy suppliers like the Persian Gulf and Russia could also lose their geopolitical grip. An oil glut could

Analysis Of Moral Foundations And Political Orientation - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Analysis Of Moral Foundations And Political Orientation. Answer: Introduction. Moral Foundations Theory was originally developed to describe moral differences across cultures(Haidt Joseph, 2004).The five foundations are ; harm/care, fairness/reciprocity, ingroup/loyalty, authority/respect and purity/sanctity(Graham, J.; Haidt, J., 2007) .The degree to which virtues are based on these foundations vary across cultures (Graham, J.; Haidt, J., 2007),(Skitka, Morgan, Wisneski, 2014). According to Haidt and Graham (2007), political liberals values virtues based on the first two foundations while the political conservatives values virtues based on all the foundations(Graham, J.; Haidt, J.; Nosek, A., 2009). Although many studies are based in five moral foundations, (Graham, Haidt, Motyl, Meindl P., 2017) mentions that liberty/oppression equity/deservingness and honesty/lying are other moral foundations that are under considerations. Literature review. Conservatives have traditionally believed that people need the constraints of authority, institutions and traditions to live civilly with each other while the liberals believe on personal freedom.(Graham, J.; Haidt, J.; Nosek, A., 2009) Moral politics theory indicates that both conservatives and liberals have political attitudes rooted in moral concerns (Skitka, Morgan, Wisneski, 2014) however, conservatives have moral concerns that the liberals do not recognize(Graham, J.; Haidt, J., 2007).This is the reason they have different opinions based on moral judgement(Graham, J.; Haidt, J.; Nosek, A., 2009). The conservatives and liberals perceptions and decisions differ and it is evident even in their voting preferences. In the 2004 U.S exit polls for example ,it indicated that most voters considered moral values as the most important factor(Skitka, Morgan, Wisneski, 2014)while casting their votes especially for the conservatives. There was no correlation between political orientation and the participants general tendency to moralize political issues (Skitka, Morgan, Wisneski, 2014).However; the degree to which they saw their most important issues in a moral light, the liberals felt stronger moral conviction for their least important issues. Moral convictions motivates both liberals and conservatives to show up at the polls on election day(Stitka Bauman,2008) and the degree to which voters attach moral significance to candidates or issues motivates political engagement(Skitka, Morgan, Wisneski, 2014). From self-reported political meta-analysis along other demographic factors that included age,gender,education level and income level, it was found that political identity was a significant predictor variable across all five foundations(Graham, J.; Haidt, J.; Nosek, A., 2009) .The effects of politics on foundation relevance scores were consistent across nations under study(Graham, J.; Haidt, J.; Nosek, A.;, 2009). From the literatures, it is clear that Meta-analysis method was employed determine whether there was any relationship between politics and moral convictions(Graham, J.; Haidt, J.; Nosek, A., 2009).Demographic factors were incorporated for better description and understanding of the population. Political identity was the dependent variable and demographic factors and the moral convictions were considered the independent variables. In Australia, however, political parties may not be considered purely liberal or conservative. As those in support of the Liberal Party may be grouped as conservatives while those, who are in support of Australian Labor party may be considered liberals. Voting decisions are determined by other factors but our study will focus on the five moral foundations of the participants. This will enable us to understand the relevant considerations for the voters in Australia. Justification of the study. Most studies are in the European region where political orientations are purely liberal or conservative. However, Australia does not have much documentation, this opens up a gap for study. This study therefore, seeks to find out if there is any relevance between moral foundations and political orientations in Australia. The findings of this study will be useful in informing election candidates on the strategies they ought to use to gain more votes. It will also contribute to the on-going literatures about psychology. Research questions. Which of the moral foundations are relevant for persons with liberal political orientations? Which of the moral foundations are relevant for persons with conservative political orientations? Hypotheses. H01: Individualizing foundations are equally relevant for both the liberals and conservatives while making moral judgements. H02: Binding foundations are equally relevant for both the liberals and conservatives while making moral judgements. Methodology. Data will be obtained from online surveys and the target population are the individuals who voluntarily participate in the survey. Descriptive research design will be utilized to show the distribution of respondents on their political orientations. Further meta-analysis methods will be carried out to explain any patterns in our dataset. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) will be utilized as the analysis tool. Limitations of the study. The study is limited to the number of respondents who will be willing to participate in the online survey. A small sample size is anticipated to affect our results, as it will not be representative of Australia. Conclusion. In summary, the literatures shows that much has not been done in Australia and this opens up a gap for further research, as a result we will get a better understanding of morality and political orientation. The results from the study will help the candidates on their campaigning strategies in order to win the elections. It will also lead to better appreciation of other peoples decisions based on their moral foundations. References. Graham, J., Haidt, J., Motyl, M., Meindl P. (2017). Moral Foundations Theory:On the Advantages of Moral Pluralism Over Moral Monism. Journal of Personality and Social Pyschology. Graham, J., Iyar, R., Nosek, A., Haidt, J., Koleva, S., Ditto, P. (2011). Mapping the moral domain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 366-385. Graham, J.; Haidt, J. (2007). When Morality Opposes Justice:Conservatives Have Moral Intuitions That Liberals may not Recognize. Social Justice Research. Graham, J.; Haidt, J.; Nosek, A. (2009). Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations. Personality processes and individual processes. Haidt, J., Joseph, C. (2004). How innately prepared intuitions generate culturally variable virtues. Daedalus:Special Issue on Human Nature, 55-66. Skitka, L., Morgan, G., Wisneski, D. (2014). A conservative advantage or an equal opportunity motivator of political engagement? Political orientation and moral conviction.

Stars Essay Example For Students

Stars Essay A star is a large ball of hot gas, thousands to millions of kilometersin diameter, emitting large amounts of radiant energy from nuclearreactions in its interior. Stars differ fundamentally from planets in thatthey are self-luminous, whereas planets shine by reflected sunlight. Exceptfor the SUN, which is the nearest star, stars appear only as points oflight, even in the largest telescopes, because of their distance. The brightest stars have long been given names. Most of the familiarnames originated with the ancient Greeks or with later Arab astronomers; anentirely different system was used by the Chinese, starting hundreds ofyears earlier, about 1000 BC. Polaris, the North Star, has a Greek name;Betelgeuse, a bright red star, has an Arabic name. Modern astronomersdesignate the bright stars according to the CONSTELLATIONS they are in. Thus, the brightest star in the Big Dipper (part of the constellation UrsaMajor) is called alpha Ursa Majoris. Polaris, in the Little Dipper (UrsaMinor), is gamma (designated by the Greek lower-case letter gamma) UrsaMinoris, and Betelgeuse, in Orion, is gamma Orionis. VARIABLE STARS (thosewhich periodically change in brightness) have lettered names, such as RRLyrae in the constellation Lyra. Fainter stars are known by their numbersin a catalog; HD 12938 is the 12,938th star in the Henry Draper Catalogue. We will write a custom essay on Stars specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now CHARACTERISTICS OF STARS Each star in the universe has its own position, motion, size, mass,chemical composition, and temperature. Some stars are grouped intoclusters, and stars and star clusters are collected in the larger groupingscalled galaxies. Our GALAXY, the Milky Way, contains more than 100 billionstars. Because tens of millions of other galaxies are known to exist, thetotal number of stars in the universe exceeds a billion billion. Positions, Motions, and Distances Stars are seen in the same relative positions, night after night, yearafter year. They provided early astronomers with a reference system formeasuring the motions of planets (wandering stars), the Moon, and theSun. The westward rotation of the celestial sphere simply reflects thedaily eastward rotation of the Earth, and the Suns apparent motion amongthe stars reflects the Earths annual orbit around the Sun. As the construction of larger telescopes during the 19th centuryimproved the accuracy of determining stellar positions, it was found thatsome stars are not precisely fixed. They move at various speeds, measuredas changes of direction in fractions of a second of arc per year, where onesecond of arc is the angular size of a pinhead 183 m (200 yd) away. Most ofthe faint stars are truly fixed as viewed from Earth and are used as areference frame for the minute motions of nearby stars, known as PROPERMOTION. PARALLAX is another apparent motion of nearby stars. It is caused bythe Earths orbit around the Sun: the star seems to shift, first one way,then the other, as the Earth moves from 150 million km (93 million mi) onone side of the Sun to 150 million km on the other side. Stellar parallaxcan be used to determine astronomical DISTANCE. If the shift is 1 second ofarc each way, the star is about 32 million million km (20 million millionmi) from an observer. This distance is called the parsec and is equal to3.26 light-years. The parallaxes of several thousand stars have beenmeasured during the past several decades. The nearest star is ProximaCentauri, at about 1 parsec (3.3 light-years). Most of the measureddistances are greater than 20 parsecs (65 light-years), which shows why theaverage star in the sky is so much fainter than the nearby Sun. Brightness and Luminosity Star brightness was first estimated by eye, and the brightest stars inthe sky were described as stars of the first magnitude. Later, themagnitude scale was defined more accurately: 6th magnitude stars are just1/100 as bright as 1st magnitude stars; 11th magnitude stars are 1/100 asbright as 6th magnitude, and so on. The magnitude scale is logarithmic;that is, each magnitude corresponds to a factor of 1/2.54, because (1/2.54)to the power of 5 =1/100 (see MAGNITUDE). Photographs are also used to measure star brightness from the size andblackness of images on a photographic plate exposed in a telescope-camera. With the photographic emulsions available in the early 1900s, a blue starthat appeared to the eye to have the same brightness as a red starphotographed much brighter. This discrepancy occurred because emulsions atthat time were much more sensitive to blue light than to red. Because ofthis variation, two magnitude scales came into use: visual magnitude andphotographic magnitude. The difference for any one star, photographicmagnitude minus visual magnitude, measures the color of that starpositivefor red stars, negative for blue (see COLOR INDEX). By using filters andspecial emulsions, astronomers soon had several other magnitude scales,including ultraviolet and infrared. When photoelectric detectors wereintroduced, the brightnesses of stars were measured with a photoelectricphotometer at the focus of a telescope. Standard colors (wavelengths) oflight were adopted, and the symbols were changed to V and B, with U for theultraviolet scale, and several other letters for infrared scales. Measuring the brightness of a star on any of these scales iscomplicated by factors related to the Earths atmosphere, which absorbsmore light when a star is near the horizon than when it is overhead. Theatmosphere also absorbs different amounts of the different colors and canchange during the night because of changing dust or moisture in the air. Nevertheless, by comparing a star with a standard at the same height abovethe horizon, astronomers using photoelectric photometers can measure U, B,and V magnitudes with an accuracy of 0.01 magnitude (see PHOTOMETRY,ASTRONOMICAL). Such photometry has provided a great deal of information regarding thetemperatures and energy output of stars, but it does not give the totalenergy output. Each measurement (U, B, V) gives only a fraction of thestars light reaching the Earth; even if the measurements are combined,they give only the part that is not absorbed as it passes through theEarths atmosphere. The atmosphere absorbs all light of short wavelengthsbelow ultraviolet and many of the long wavelengths above red. A theoreticalcorrection can be made, based on the stars temperature, to give abolometric magnitude, m(b), adding the energy absorbed by the atmosphere. True bolometric magnitudes, however, are measured only from rockets andspacecraft outside the Earths atmosphere. From parallax-distance measurements it is possible to calculate theabsolute bolometric magnitude, or luminosity, of a star, which is a measureof its brightness relative to the Sun if it were at the Suns distance froman observer on Earth. During the 1920s it was found that some stars(giants) are 100,000 times as luminous as the Sun; others (white dwarfs)are 1,000 times less luminous. Composition During ancient times and the Middle Ages stars were thought to be madeof an ethereal element different from matter on Earth. Their actualcomposition did not become known until the invention of the SPECTROSCOPE inthe 19th century. Through the refraction of light by a prism (see PRISM,physics) or through its diffraction by a DIFFRACTION GRATING, the lightfrom a source is spread out into its different visual wavelengths, from redto blue; this is known as its SPECTRUM. The spectra of the Sun and starsexhibited bright and dark lines, which were shown to be caused by elementsemitting or absorbing light at specific wavelengths. Because each elementemits or absorbs light only at specific wavelengths, the chemicalcomposition of stars can be determined. In this way the spectroscopedemonstrated that the gases in the Sun and stars are those of commonelements such as hydrogen, helium, iron, and calcium at temperatures ofseveral thousand degrees. It was found that the average stars atm osphereconsists mostly of hydrogen (87%) and helium (10%), an element discoveredfrom spectra of the Sun, with all other elements making up about 3%. Heliumactually was first discovered in the Suns spectrum. .u71741789056910f8f625c0da4b310e96 , .u71741789056910f8f625c0da4b310e96 .postImageUrl , .u71741789056910f8f625c0da4b310e96 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u71741789056910f8f625c0da4b310e96 , .u71741789056910f8f625c0da4b310e96:hover , .u71741789056910f8f625c0da4b310e96:visited , .u71741789056910f8f625c0da4b310e96:active { border:0!important; } .u71741789056910f8f625c0da4b310e96 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u71741789056910f8f625c0da4b310e96 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u71741789056910f8f625c0da4b310e96:active , .u71741789056910f8f625c0da4b310e96:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u71741789056910f8f625c0da4b310e96 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u71741789056910f8f625c0da4b310e96 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u71741789056910f8f625c0da4b310e96 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u71741789056910f8f625c0da4b310e96 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u71741789056910f8f625c0da4b310e96:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u71741789056910f8f625c0da4b310e96 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u71741789056910f8f625c0da4b310e96 .u71741789056910f8f625c0da4b310e96-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u71741789056910f8f625c0da4b310e96:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Importance Of Political Parties EssayAt first, visual estimates of the strengths of spectral lines wereused to estimate the amounts of the elements present in the Sun and a fewstars, based on an analysis of the lines produced by a laboratory lightsource. When photographic emulsions came into use, the spectroscope becamethe spectrograph, with a photographic film or plate replacing the humaneye. During the first half of the 20th century, spectrographs were used ontelescopes to observe thousands of stars. On the spectrogram, theintensities of the lines are measured from the blackness of the film orplate. Most recently, photoelectric detectors are used to scan the spectrumin a spectrophotometer. Stellar spectra can also be measured byinterferometer techniques. Although the ultraviolet, visual, and infrared parts of a starsspectrum can be measured in this way, other techniques must be used, abovethe atmosphere, to measure the shorter wavelength spectra of X-ray starsand gamma-ray stars. Instead of gratings and prisms, various combinationsof filters and detectors are used to measure portions of the X-ray andgamma-ray spectra. At the other extreme (long wavelengths), radio spectraof stars and other radio sources are measured by tuning a radio telescopeto different frequencies. A radio telescopethe largest is more than 305 m(1,000 ft) acrossis like a giant optical reflector with a radio amplifierat the focus. Radio spectra are much more accurate than optical spectra. Multiple radio telescopes, placed thousands of kilometers apart, candetermine the position of a radio-emitting star as accurately as an opticaltelescope can, to better than 0.1 second of arc (see RADIO ASTRONOMY). Spectral Type and Surface Temperature During the early decades of the 20th century, Annie J. Cannon atHarvard University examined thousands of stellar spectra. Without concernfor the actual atmospheric gases or temperatures, Cannon classified eachspectrum as A, B, C, . . .S, depending on the number of absorption lines. Class A has few strong lines, class F has more, and classes M to S havebands, which are many lines close together, produced by molecules (seeHARVARD CLASSIFICATION OF STARS). Later studies showed that Cannonsclasses are a measure of surface temperature in the sequence O, B, A, F, G,K, M, R, N, S. This measurement is based partly on physicist Max Plancksformula, which gives the relative emissions of various colors from a hotbody. A cool star emits most of its light in the red; a hot star emits mostof its light in the blue. A measurement of the ratio of blue to red lightcoming from a star (its color index) determines its temperature. O starsare hot (surface temperature =30,000 K); A stars have surface temperature =10,000 K; G stars, such as the Sun, have surface temperature =6,000 K; andM stars have surface temperature =3,000 K. Other spectrographicmeasurements of absorption lines and emission lines help to confirm ormodify this so-called color temperature. From 1911 to 1913, Einar Hertzsprung and H. N. Russell first plottedthe luminosity (L) versus the surface temperature (Ts) of stars, using as ameasure of temperature the spectral types determined by Cannon. TheHERTZSPRUNG-RUSSELL DIAGRAM first showed that highly luminous stars aremostly of classes O and B, with helium lines and surface temperature=25,000 K, whereas low-luminosity stars are mostly of class M and surfacetemperature =3,000 K. Size Once the temperature and the bolometric luminosity of a star are known,its size can easily be calculated. Plancks formula gives the totalemission of radiant energy per unit area of a hot bodys surface at eachtemperature. From the bolometric luminosity, the total energy emitted isknown; from the temperature, the radiant energy emitted per squarecentimeter is known. The ratio gives the number of square centimeters, fromwhich the radius of the star can be calculated. This rough calculationshows that the radii of stars vary from 1/100 of that of the Sun for WHITEDWARFS to 400 times that of the Sun for SUPERGIANTS. The radius of a nearbystar can also be measured directly with an interferometer on a telescope. Astronomers theorize that objects with a starlike composition but too smallto initiate nuclear reactions may also exist in the universe, helping toaccount for the missing mass of COSMOLOGY theories (see BROWN DWARF). Mass More than half of all stars are BINARY STARStwo or more stars thatorbit one another. About 100 orbits have been measured accurately. Thesemeasurements provide perhaps the most important characteristic of a star:its mass. From Newtons Laws of gravitation and motion, it is known thattwo highly massive stars must orbit (one around the other) faster than twostars of lesser mass at the same distance apart; thus the masses can becalculated from the orbit size and the period of the orbit. If the binarystars eclipse each other, this situation also gives estimates of eachstars diameter. Orbits of the planets show that the Suns mass is 2 X (10to the power of 33) g (2 billion billion billion tons, or about 333,000times the Earths mass). Orbits of binary stars show that some stars(giants) are 40 times the mass of the Sun, and others (dwarfs) only 1/10the mass of the Sun. The mass of a star is also related to its luminosity; a high-mass starhas high luminosity, and a low-mass star has low luminosity. TheMASS-LUMINOSITY RELATION states that the luminosity is approximatelyproportional to (mass) to the power of 3.5. A star twice the mass of theSun will have luminosity 2 to the power of 3.5, or 11.3 times the Suns. This fact, together with the temperatures and compositions of stars, isclosely related to theories of stellar structure. In addition to luminosity and binary-star orbits, two systematicfeatures in the motions of stars relate to their masses. In many groups andclusters of stars, the stars have similar motions and similar Dopplershifts in the lines of their spectra (see RED SHIFT); these similaritiesare easy to pick out from the random motions of single stars. The smallermotions of stars within a cluster show the clusters total massthe sum ofthe masses of all the stars bound together in it by their gravitation. These internal motions can also be used statistically to determine thedistance from Earth to the cluster. More dramatic are the general motions of all the stars in the Sunsvicinity, showing a circulation around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. Again, Newtons laws apply, and from the average orbits of stars around thecenter, the mass of this GALAXY is found to be 100 billion times the Sunsmass. Because the orbital motions are faster near the center and slowerfarther away, individual motions can also be used to determine thedistances to individual stars. Since interstellar dust obscures more thanhalf of the stars in the Milky Way Galaxy, mass measurements give the onlyreliable estimate of the total number of stars in the Galaxy, 100 billion,each with a mass between (10 to the power of 32)g and 2 X (10 to the powerof 35)g. Starspots Starspots (cooler regions on the surface of stars, similar to thefamiliar SUNSPOTS) are now known to exist on a number of relatively nearbystars. The disks of such stars can be mapped to some degree to show areasof differing temperature, using the technique known as speckleinterferometry (see INTERFEROMETER). The giant star Betelgeuse was observedin this manner as long ago as the mid-1970s. By means of spectral studies,astronomers have also been able to detect apparent granulation patterns onsome stars. Such patterns on the Sun are produced by convection, or therising and falling of hotter and cooler currents just below the visiblesurface. Analysis of stellar spectra to yield this kind of detail requiresthe use of supercomputers. A larger, different kind of surface variation onstars has been reported by some astronomers, who call these variationsstarpatches.STRUCTURE OF STARS The structure of a typical star was worked out by astrophysicists after1920, largely based on obser vations of the Sun. The photosphere is thevisible surface of a star and is the layer to which the surface temperatureand radius apply. Above the photosphere is an atmosphere, mostlytransparent, where gases absorb characteristic lines in the spectrum andreveal the chemical composition of the star. .u4c4adc90e82e5a72754234dc278ed05e , .u4c4adc90e82e5a72754234dc278ed05e .postImageUrl , .u4c4adc90e82e5a72754234dc278ed05e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4c4adc90e82e5a72754234dc278ed05e , .u4c4adc90e82e5a72754234dc278ed05e:hover , .u4c4adc90e82e5a72754234dc278ed05e:visited , .u4c4adc90e82e5a72754234dc278ed05e:active { border:0!important; } .u4c4adc90e82e5a72754234dc278ed05e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4c4adc90e82e5a72754234dc278ed05e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4c4adc90e82e5a72754234dc278ed05e:active , .u4c4adc90e82e5a72754234dc278ed05e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4c4adc90e82e5a72754234dc278ed05e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4c4adc90e82e5a72754234dc278ed05e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4c4adc90e82e5a72754234dc278ed05e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4c4adc90e82e5a72754234dc278ed05e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4c4adc90e82e5a72754234dc278ed05e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4c4adc90e82e5a72754234dc278ed05e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4c4adc90e82e5a72754234dc278ed05e .u4c4adc90e82e5a72754234dc278ed05e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4c4adc90e82e5a72754234dc278ed05e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Macbeth Is A Tragic Hero EssayThe temperature of the stellar atmosphere is lower than thetemperature of the photosphere. Above the atmosphere is a transparentCORONA of diffuse gas at high temperature. For reasons as yet uncertain,outgoing energy from the Sun or star heats the corona to temperatures over1,000,000 K (1,800,000 deg F), so that it emits X rays of much shorterwavelength than visible light. The solar corona also has emission lines invisible light which give it the greenish glow visible during a total solareclipse. In the atmosphere and corona of a star, explosions known as flaresoccur in regions several thousand kilometers across, shooting outhigh-speed protons and electrons and causing plumes of higher temperaturein the corona. At a fairly constant rate, high-speed protons and electronsare also shot out in all directions to form the solar or stellar wind. TheSOLAR WIND has been detected by the two VOYAGER spacecraft and PIONEERS 10and 11 on their way out of the solar system.Eventually they are expected tocross the outer boundary of the solar wind, the heliopause, whereinterstellar gas pressure stops the outflow of the wind. The knowledge of a stars internal structure is almost entirelytheoretical, based on laboratory measurements of gases. Beneath thephotosphere are several layers, some where the hot, ionized gas isturbulent, and some where it is almost at rest. Calculations of structureare based on two principles: convective equilibrium, in which turbulencebrings the energy outward, and radiative equilibrium, in which radiationbrings the energy outward. The temperature and density are calculated foreach depth, using the characteristics of the mix of gases (hydrogen,helium, and heavier elements) derived from the spectrum of the atmosphere. The pressure is calculated from the weight of the gases overhead. Eventually, deep in the interior the temperature and density are highenough (10,000,000 K and 30 g/cu cm) for a nuclear reaction to occur,converting four hydrogen atoms to one helium atom, with a 0.7% loss ofmass. Because the conversion of this mass (m) to energy (E) followsEinsteins equation E = mcc (where c is the velocity of light), such areaction releases 6.4 X (10 to the power of 18) ergs of energy per gram ofhydrogen, 60 million times more than chemical reactions such as the burningof hydrogen in oxygen. It is this enormous energy source that makeslong-lasting, self-luminous stars possible. In an attempt to determine the precise mechanism providing the energyfor stars, physicists in the early 1930s measured the rates of severalnuclear reactions in the laboratory. In 1938, Hans Bethe showed that thecarbon-nitrogen cycle could account for a stars long-lasting luminosity(see CARBON CYCLE, astronomy). In Bethes theory, carbon acts as a catalystin the conversion of hydrogen to helium. The small amount needed isconverted to nitrogen, then converted back to carbon to be used again. Thereaction rates at the temperature and density in the core of the Sun arefast enough to produce (10 to the power of 33) ergs/sec, the luminosity ofthe Sun. Later it was shown that the PROTON-PROTON REACTION could also producethe Suns luminosity. More recent studies show that in the Sun and smallerstars, where temperature and density in the core are lower than in largerstars, the proton-proton reaction beats out the Bethe cycle and can occurwith no carbon or nitrogen present, if the temperature is about 10,000,000K. In equations for the proton-proton reaction, the rates increase with thefourth power of the temperature, so that at a temperature of 20,000,000 Kthe rate is 16 times faster than at 10,000,000 K. Lithium and beryllium areprobably also involved. The NEUTRINO is a very-low-mass particle that is produced in the Sunscore and can pass through its outer regions to enter space. One of thegreat mysteries of modern astrophysics is the failure of experiments todetect the neutrinos expected from nuclear reactions in the Sun. Whether by the Bethe cycle or by the proton-proton reaction, the Sunand other stars are converting hydrogen to helium in their cores at aconsiderable rate (600,000,000 tons/sec in the Sun). Because helium hasdifferent characteristics, this conversion changes the structure of thestar. During the process there is a central core composed entirely ofhelium, a spherical shell around it in which hydrogen is being converted tohelium, and the rest of the star, composed mostly of hydrogen. When a largecore of helium has been created, the core may collapse, and new nuclearreactions may start as the temperature and density jump to very highvalues. When the temperature exceeds 100,000,000 K, helium is converted tocarbon by the triple-alpha (ionized helium) process. Astrophysicists makeuse of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram and large computers to calculate howstars evolve in this way. They find that stars of different masses evolvein different ways and at different rates. The most massive stars ( ten timesthe Suns mass) rapidly change from blue giants to red giants and maybecome unstable and pulsate as variable stars during this stage. Stars oflesser mass, such as the Sun, spend a large fraction of their lives on themain sequence of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram while they converthydrogen to helium. After several billion years, these stars become whitedwarfs. Depending on mass and other circumstances, a star may evolve to aNOVA or SUPERNOVA, PULSAR, NEUTRON STAR, or BLACK HOLE (see STELLAREVOLUTION). Bibliography: Barrow, J. D., and Silk, Joseph, The Left Hand of Creation(1983); Abell, G., Exploration of the Universe (1969); Baade, Walter,Evolution of Stars and Galaxies (1975); Evans Martin, Martha, The FriendlyStars, rev. ed. (1982); Goldberg, H. S., and Scadron, M. D., Physics ofStellar Evolution and Cosmology (1982); Hall, Douglas, Starspots,Astronomy, February 1983; Kruse, W., and Dieckvoss, W., The Stars (1957);Kyselka, Will, and Lanterman, Ray, North Star to Southern Cross (1976);Meadows, A. J., Stellar Evolution (1978); Page, Thornton, and Page, L. W.,Starlight (1967) and Stars and Clouds of the Milky Way (1968); Shklovskii,Iosif S., Stars: Their Birth, Life and Death, trans. by Richard Rodman(1978). THE NEAREST STARSTABLE 1DistanceApparent BrightnessName(light-years)(magnitude)Sun -26.8Centauri A4.3 -0.01Centauri B4.3 1.33Centauri C4.3 11.05Barnards Star 5.9 9.54Wolf 359 7.6 13.53Lalande 21185 8.1 7.50Sirius A 8.7 -1.47Sirius B 8.7 8.68Luyten 726-8A 8.9 12.45Luyten 726-8B 8.9 12.95Ross 154 9.4 10.6Ross 24810.3 12.29Eridani 10.7 3.73Luyten 789-6 10.8 12.18Ross 12810.8 11.1061 Cygni A11.2 5.2261 Cygni B11.2 6.03Indi11.2 4.68Procyon A11.3 0.37Procyon B11.3 10.7SOURCE: Adapted from a table compiled by Alan H. Batten in The ObserversHandbook 1976 of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada and a table Dramaof the Universe (1978) by George O. Abell (reprinted by permission of Holt,Rinehart and Winston). THE BRIGHTEST STARSTABLE 2 Apparent BrightnessDistanceNameConstellation (magnitude)(light-year)Sun26.8 Sirius ACanis Major -1.47 8.7Canopus Carina-0.7298ArcturusBootes-0.0636Centauri ACentaurus-0.01 4.3VegaLyra0.0426.5Capella Auriga 0.0545RigelOrion 0.14900Procyon ACanis Minor 0.3711.3BetelgeuseOrion 0.41520AchernarEridanus0.51118CentauriCentaurus0.63490Altair Aquila 0.7716.5Crucis Crux0.87400AldebaranTaurus 0.8668SpicaVirgo 0.91220Antares Scorpius0.92520FomalhautPiscis Austrinus1.1522.6Pollux Gemini 1.1635DenebCygnus 1.261,600Crucis Crux1.28490SOURCE: Adapted from a table compiled by Donald A. MacRae in The ObserversHandbook 1976 of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada and a table inContemporary Astronomy, 2d., by Jay m. Pasachoff, Holt/Saunders, 1980.

Employment Law in the United States Essay Example

Employment Law in the United States Essay Understanding employment law is vital forever working person because if the individual does not know his rights, he is unaware of how to protect himself if the violation of the rights takes place. In this research paper, I will look at significant elements of employment law, such as collective bargaining and labor arbitration, discrimination, pensions, unemployment compensation and workers safety. Collective bargaining Collective bargaining consists of negotiations between the employers and employees which the aim to develop the effective working conditions. The National Labor Relations Act is the main governing body for collective bargaining. It grants the right to join unions and bargain collectively to all employees. Also, this Act prohibits the employer to refuse to bargain with the employees’ representative. It is a normal situation when employees have some disputes with employers and when employers have misunderstandings with employees. The law regulates such situations through arbitration legislation which requires both sides (employers and employees) to come up with the agreement on how to resolve different types of disputes. The process should be controlled by the third party who formally holds the hearing on the issue. The Federal Arbitration Act is not applicable to employment contracts, but recently the court often applies this law in labor disputes. Also, 35 states have adopted this act as the state law (Noon 24). Employment Discrimination We will write a custom essay sample on Employment Law in the United States specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Employment Law in the United States specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Employment Law in the United States specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The majority of the disputes occur because of discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, disability or old age. Discriminatory actions include bias in hiring, promotions, job assignments and termination. The 5th and 14th Amendments to United States Constitution prohibits any form of discrimination in workplace and grants all individuals the right to be equally protected by law if they face discrimination at work. The Equal Pay Act states that employees cannot pay salaries of different range to two individuals occupying similar positions and having the same responsibilities. It also prohibits funding less based on sex – women and men are legally protected from having equal salaries. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act prohibits discrimination based on the age of the employee. If the employee is over 40, he is protected by this law. The Rehabilitation Act protects handicaps from discrimination in employment opportunities. The American with Disability Act eliminates discrimination based on physical or mental disability by employers. All of these Acts have a centralized body – the Equal Opportunity Employment Commission which interprets and enforces these legislations (Debrah 41). Under Constitution, all people are eligible for the same rights and liberties, and these rights should develop employment Law. The United States has the most comprehensive and useful anti-discrimination system in the world. Also, the United States has to have such system because the population of the country is very diverse. Unemployment compensation It often happens that employees have lost the job because of factors they had no control over. In this case, employees get the monetary payments for the period until they find a new place of employment. Without this compensation, many employees would have to take jobs for which they are overqualified. The American unemployment insurance is established by the Federal Social Security Act as early as in 1935. Each state has the freedom to develop its unemployment insurance, but it has to be approved by the Secretary of Labor by the federal standards. In order for the unemployment insurance to function, some federal and state taxes are levied upon employers. Thus, the employer contributes the portion of all salaries paid to the unemployment fund. Then these funds are distributed for the state administrative costs and unemployment compensation. If the state is in an economic recession, the government can extend the period for which unemployed individuals receive the benefits. Some of the states offer additional benefits to disabled workers. For example, in California disabled, unemployed individuals receive compensation that comes from the employer’s taxes. Pension law After the person reaches the certain age (65 in U.S.) he is eligible to terminate his employment because the law ensures that the pension payments will be made to him by the employer. There are two types of pension plans – defined benefit plan (based on the working experience and the wages the employee received) and defined contribution plan (employer makes defined contributions on the account established for each employee) (Barrett 12). The Congress has passed the Employee Retirement Income Security Act under which the federal statutory law governs pensions. This Act is highly complicated, but it provides detailed regulations for many aspects of pension payments. For example, it requires all employers to provide their employees with the description of benefits they will receive after retirement. Even though the employers are obligated to provide pension pensions, many of them are not encouraged to provide pension plans that follow the established guidelines. To change the situation the government offers tax breaks to employees who act by rules. The minimum coverage and the vesting of the pension plans are required to be followed by all employees. Currently, there is a concern that Social Security, pension funds, in particular, can go bankrupt is new guidelines will not be initiated. One of the solutions which are highly attractive to employers is giving the employees the opportunity to privately invest a portion of the income taxes into the stable enterprise, for example in stock markets. It is believed that these investments will help the Social Security to offer the same level of benefits it does today in the future. The problem is especially urgent if to take into account the aging baby boomers generation. Workplace Safety To eliminate the personal injuries and illnesses taking place in the workplace, the government has established the guidelines on workplace safety and health laws to be followed by all employers. The Occupational and Safety Health Act protects employees and their families from health problems associated with the working environment. The Secretary of Labor ensures that the guidelines of this act are followed, examines the working conditions and addresses the complaints. Unlike other employment laws, the states are not permitted to promulgate any laws in this area. Worker’s compensation Worker’s compensation is the final area to look at in this paper, but it is not the least important. Compensation is closely related to discrimination legislation under which employees should get fair compensation despite their sex, race, national origin, age, disability or sexual orientation. The majority of compensation laws are aimed to secure the payments to those employees who have injured or disabled at the workplace. There are many sections of this law. For example, the Federal Employment Compensation Act covers the federal non-military employees, the Federal Employment Liability Act covers the railway workers, the Longshore and Harbor Worker’s compensation Act protects the rights of marine employees, the Black Lung Benefits Act provides the compensation to miners suffering from pneumoconiosis (Moore 78). There are many more laws covering the compensation issues associated with the workplace injuries. In conclusion, it is essential to be aware of all of the above employment laws to be protected. Only one hundred years ago women could not even dream about equal compensation with men for the work they have done, while today this equality is protected by the law. Probably the essential legislation law is anti-discrimination provisions. Discrimination is a susceptible issue because American society is very diverse and the government should ensure that all citizens have equal employment opportunity. This paper did not cover the sexual harassment issue, but the legislation protects employees, both males, and females, from being sexually harassed at work. Employment legislation changes over time and provides more protection to the workers. Today the American employees can be confident that the law ensures equal employment opportunities to all, and in case the employment rights are violated, employees protected.

Deterministic Schema essays

Deterministic Schema essays Marxism is a deterministic schema in that according to its doctrine, each subsequent turn of events is a direct result of a specific sequence of causes. According to Marx and Engels in this statement, each stage of history is inevitable and is pushed into the next stage by specific forces, particularly class struggle. Class struggle in a Feudalistic society between the Autocracy, some craftsmen, and infinite numbers of peasants, combined with the onset of the Commercial Revolution in the sixteenth century leads to capitalism. The Industrial revolution that accompanies capitalism causes a new kind of class structure and with it, a new kind of class struggle. The middle class grows in size and wealth while the peasants become the working class and decline in wealth as their depravity increases. The Labor Theory of Value states that the worker can never make it because s/he never receives enough money for the worth of the product. All of the profit goes to further investment and the pro letarian is left overworked and hungry. This class related problem leads to the failure of the capitalist revolution and pushes society into socialism. Socialism is state capitalism. The workers own the companies and the issue of class is avoided it is a classless society. As a deep down moralist, Marx is most interested in the class struggle fueled push into socialism. He is quite vague about the necessary push from socialism to communism, and is more interested in the capitalism socialism transition. Steps cannot be skipped but can be sped up, so the question would be when will class struggle force society into communism from socialism. Communism according to the manifesto is the withering of the state and the ideal state of existence with much collaboration. Lenin takes the challenge of manipulating time (Marx didnt say when) and bringing communism into play. His was a combination of wanting to grab power for the will of the peopl ...

Marketing Plan Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Marketing Plan - Coursework Example ice is essential for everyone and this means that with a diverse menu, the right place and innovation the restaurant can be a success in the face of tough competition. Restaurants exist to meet the needs of customers and this is the only way in which they can make a profit. Although habits and social construction influence culinary taste and preferences, the price charged for a culinary experience has an impact on demand (Sloan, 2000, Chapter 1). In addition, it is important to decide about the requirements of customers who will patronize a restaurant, depending on its location. Thus, if a restaurant is within a locality that will attract busy business executives during their lunch hour, it is only proper to try to entice these with the proper cuisine and marketing. Business executives are unlikely to want relaxed gourmet meals in a business district at lunchtime, although they may want to bring in their business guests. Thus, the healthy eating restaurant must provide a wholesome, nourishing, healthy and fulfilling culinary experience at the right price to attract a maximum number of customers to maximize profits. The following presents a discussion about the needs of the customers within the locality in which the restaurant is situated. Other restaurant marketing plans provide insights into expectations from a marketing plan for a restaurant (Palo Alto Software, 2008, â€Å"Sandwich Restaurant Franchise Marketing Plan† and â€Å"Sigmund’s Gourmet Pasta Restaurant†). The Lighthouse restaurant situated near busy office complexes that are at their busiest during the day, while operating at reduced capacity during night, is likely to attract those who must eat out but who want healthy meals. Customers can pay slightly more than the price for junk foods, but want something equally exotic, fulfilling and healthy. Sky rise office blocks near Lighthouse restaurant guarantee customers, but the competition is tough because a large number of other restaurants also